This article introduces the history of Ibadism, in its first few paragraphs. Then discusses the beliefs of Ibadis and compares and contrasts them to the practices of Sunnis and Shi’ites. The rest of the article largely focuses on Ibadis in Oman and Zanzibar.
Page 11 of 31
“the following features were characteristic of the Kadızadeli movement: opposition to kalām theology and opposition to religious innovations, in particular against loud dhikr in groups, the dancing rituals of certain Sufis and innovated grave visits, chiefly the practice of asking dead saints for their intercession at graves. With the aim of enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong….marked by a willingness to use force against their opponents when deemed necessary.”
Sultan Murad IV banned alcohol, tobacco, and coffee in Istanbul and the Kadızade were important in providing religious support for the Sultan in enforcing these bans.
Excellent information and pictures on the Shanama.
“… the semazen begins the Sema, which consists of four selams or musical movements. Each selam has its own distinct rhythm, and explores different religious themes. The semazen opens both arms to the sides and revolves from right to left, expressing his embrace of the entire universe. With an open palm, the semazen’s right had is then extended upwards, thus indicating his reception of God’s beneficence. As for the left hand, it is extended downwards to indicate the distribution of these divine gifts to all mankind.”
from: https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/whirling-dervish-dance-002943
Istanbul-based illustrator Murat Palta can expertly render movies in the style of old Ottoman miniatures.
In 1346, during the siege of Caffa, Mongol troops were struck down by the Black Plague. Realizing the potential military use of this, the Mongols flung corpses over the walls of the Caffa. As a result, fleeing refugees spread the Black Plague when they landed in Italy, which ultimately spread into all of Europe.
I found this cool article talking about how Padme’s clothing in the Star Wars prequels are based on Mongolian fashion: https://mongoliainstitute.anu.edu.au/mongolink/2020/02/13/the-secret-history-of-star-wars/
https://www.learnreligions.com/steps-of-hajj-2004318
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“It is the largest annual gathering of human beings on earth, with approximately 3 million people gathering each year for 3 to 5 days between the 8th and 12th of Dhul-Hijjah, the last month of the Muslim calendar.”
In the link, there are descriptions of each step of the pilgrimage accompanied with beautiful imagery.