In Islam, the idea of niyyah is rooted in the idea that one’s actions are not just important, but their intentions as well. For example, if someone is fasting during the month of Ramadan, but accidentally eats, then it is as if they did not break their fast. Below is a comical video where someone called a sheikh with a question during Ramadan.
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This is an example of Mu’tazila, the concept of striving for justice in this world and forbidding evil that is prominent in Shia ideology.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6077049
Amr SS, Tbakhi A. Ibn Sina (Avicenna): the prince of physicians. Ann Saudi Med. 2007 Mar-Apr;27(2):134-5. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2007.134. PMID: 17420624; PMCID: PMC6077049.
This guy does a good job of explaining the appanage system and his voice is awesome.
The clip is from the Turkish TV show Diriliş: Ertuğrul, which follows the life of Ertuğrul Bey, father of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire. In this scene, Ertuğrul refuses to submit to Ögedei Khan’s authority.
Genealogy of the mansas of the Mali Empire up to Magha II (d. c. 1389), based on Levtzion’s interpretation of Ibn Khaldun.[23] Numbered individuals reigned as mansa; the numbers indicate the order in which they reigned.[e]
Wikipedia
Mali empire
Map: Empire of Mali under Mansa Musa (1337), provided by TheCollector.com
I cannot remember if we mentioned this in class, but Timur’s wife, Saray Mulk Khanum, was a Chagatai princess and a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. Also, she did not have any children with Timur, and Husayn was actually her previous husband, killed by Timur. I can see how her royal status could have led to the influence she had, even if she did not have any children with Timur.
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/bibi-khanum-mosque
I thought this was a pretty cool video. It helped review some information we learned from class.